Interventional Chest/Diagnostic Procedures Recommended Reading List
General Bronchoscopy
(Safety, Complications, General Guidelines,
Bronchoalveolar Lavage, and Basic Diagnostic Bronchoscopy)
Romagnoli M, Bigliazzi C, Casoni G, et al. The role of transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse drug–induced lung disease: a case series of 44 patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2008;25(1):36–45 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective analysis with transbronchial biopsy being helpful in the diagnosis 75.7% and showing safety in their population of patients with diffuse drug–induced lung disease.
Diaz-Guzman E, Vadi S, Minai OA, et al. Safety of diagnostic bronchoscopy in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Respiration. 2009;77(3):292–297 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective reivew of 45 patients with Pulm Hypertension (mean systolic PAP 58 +/- mmHg) compared to 45 control patients. Suggests safety of BAL, TBNA, and transbronchial biopsy in this population.
Jin F, Mu D, Chu D, et al. Severe complications of bronchoscopy. Respiration. 2008;76(4):429–433 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective study of almost 24,000 patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy. The incidence of severe complications was 0.637% and the mortality was 0.013%.
Nayci A, Atis S, Duce MN, et al. Bronchoscopy is associated with decreased mesenteric arterial flow. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(9):2517–2522 PubMed Abstract
A study of 47 patients that showed in their population a decrease in mesenteric arterial blood flow and decrease in PaO2 with correlated increases in myeloperoxidase and glutathione (markers of ischemia– reperfusion). Fever occurred in 19% and Gram–negative bacteremia occurred in 6.4%. The authors conclude bronchoscopy may be a risk for mesenteric ischemia and translocation of GI bacteria.
Manali E. Papadopoulos A. Tsiodras S. et al. The impact on community–acquired pneumonia empirical therapy of diagnostic bronchoscopic techniques. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40:286–292 PubMed Abstract
Small prospective study evaluating protected brush (PSB) and BAL in CAP compared to conventional sputum culture in immunocompetent patients with CAP. BAL and PSB added 36.4% and 26.1% additional information compared to sputum (P <.0001) and modified treatment in 27.3%.
Roth K. Hardie JA. Andreassen AH. et al. Predictors of diagnostic yield in bronchoscopy: a retrospective cohort study comparing different combinations of sampling techniques. BMC Pulm Med. 2008;26:8:2 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective evaluation of 363 pts evaluating biopsy, TBNA, brushing, small volume lavage, and fluid aspiration. The combination of TBNA and biopsy provided the best diagnostic yield.
Hummel M, Rudert S, Hof H, et al. Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Hematol. 2008;87(4):291–297 PubMed Abstract
Retrospective evaluation of 246 evaluatable bronchoscopies in 199 patients with only 1.2 % nonlethal complications and modification of antibiotic therapy in 38% based upon microbiological data obtained.
Fagon JY. Diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is essential. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27:34-44 PubMed Abstract
A review of the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia with BAL.
Mehta AC, Prakash UB, Garland R, et al. American College of Chest Physicians and American Association for Bronchoscopy consensus statement: prevention of bronchoscopy-associated infection. Chest 2005; 128:1742-1755
A review of prevention of bronchoscopy-related infections.
Meyer KC. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25:637-649 PubMed Abstract
A review of the use of BAL in the diagnosis of the interstitial lung diseases.
Chhajed PN, Glanville AR. Management of hypoxemia during flexible bronchoscopy. Clin Chest Med 2003; 24:511-516 PubMed Abstract
A review of the management of hypoxemia during flexible bronchoscopy.
Pisani RJ. Clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised hosts. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67:221-227 PubMed Abstract
A review of the utility and role of bronchoalveolar lavage in establishing a diagnosis in the immunocompromised host.
Ouellette DR. The safety of bronchoscopy in a pulmonary fellowship program. Chest 2006; 130:1185-1190
A retrospective review of preexisting quality improvement data from a single center comprising 51 pulmonary and critical care fellows, 20 staff supervising physicians, and a total of 3,538 training bronchoscopies. The cumulative complication rate for the first trimester of the first year of fellowship was 3.1%, whereas the cumulative complication rate in the second and third trimester of the first year of fellowship was 1.57%.
Gorman SR, Beamis JF. Complications of flexible bronchoscopy. Clin Pulm Med 2005; 12:177-183 Abstract
A review of the most common and uncommon complications with recommendations for prevention and treatment.
Gundy KV, Boylen CT. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy: indications, complications, contraindications. Postgrad Med 1988; 83:289-294 PubMed Abstract
A review of general indications for bronchoscopy, as well as a review of the literature on diagnostic yield with the use of bronchoscopy for specific individual infectious and noninfectious disease states.
Wahidi MM, Rocha AT, Hollingsworth JW, et al. Contraindications and safety of transbronchial lung biopsy via flexible bronchoscopy: a survey of pulmonologists and review of the literature. Respiration 2005; 72:285-295 PubMed Abstract
Describes the varied practices among pulmonologists, with specific attention to the practice of holding anticoagulation medications prior to bronchoscopy.
Colt HG, Matsuo T. Hospital charges attributable to bronchoscopy-related complications in outpatients. Respiration 2001; 68:67-72 PubMed Abstract
Reviews the incidence of cost secondary to the treatment of bronchoscopic complications. Hospital charges that are directly attributable to outpatient flexible bronchoscopy-related complications are minimal, but escalate considerably if hospitalization becomes necessary.
de Blic J, Marchac V, Scheinmann P. Complications of flexible bronchoscopy in children: prospective study of 1,328 procedures. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:271-1276 PubMed Abstract
Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe procedure with <2% major complications. Careful analysis of indications and clinical status for each patient, as well as proper anesthesia and monitoring during the examination, ensure better outcomes.
Cavaliere S, Foccoli P, Farina PL. Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopy: a 5-year experience with 1,396 applications in 1,000 patients. Chest 1988; 94:15-21
A review of a large number of patients with central airway obstruction treated with rigid bronchoscopy and laser, as well as a description of outcomes and safety in this procedural technique.
Caputi M, Bellissimo U, Di Matteo L, et al. Complications during bronchofiberscopy and rigid bronchoscopy. Panminerva Med 1986; 28:271-277 PubMed Abstract
A 40-year experiential review of complications seen with flexible and rigid bronchoscopy.
Perrin G, Colt HG, Martin C, et al. Safety of interventional rigid bronchoscopy using intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous assisted ventilation: a prospective study. Chest 1992; 102:1526-1530
Total intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous assisted ventilation is well-tolerated in patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy.
Infections and Infection Prevention in Bronchoscopy
Srinivasan A, Wolfenden LL, Song X, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with flexible bronchoscopes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(3):221–227 PubMed Abstract
A description of a large outbreak related to a loose biopsy–port cap.
DiazGranados CA, Jones MY, Kongphet-Tran T, et al. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with contamination of a flexible bronchoscope. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(6):550–555 PubMed Abstract
A description of an outbreak at a large teaching hospital associated with a damaged bronchoscope.
Mehta AC, Prakash U, Garland R, et al. American College of Chest Physicians and the American Association of Bronchology Consensus Statement: prevention of flexible bronchoscopy-associated infection. Chest 2005; 128:1742-1755
A consensus guideline on strategies for reducing procedural-related infections from bronchoscopy.
Cetre JC, Nicolle MC, Salord H, et al. Outbreaks of contaminated broncho-alveolar lavage related to intrinsically defective bronchoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2005; 51:39-45 PubMed Abstract
Description of a 2001 outbreak of Enterobacteraceae in BAL fluid in a 700-bed institution, as well as the process troubleshooting of such an occurrence.
Ramsey A, Oemig T, Davis JP, et al. An outbreak of bronchoscopy-related Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections due to lack of bronchoscope leak testing. Chest 2002; 121:976-981
M tuberculosis contamination of the bronchoscope occurred during an index patient’s procedure. Standard reprocessing recommendations, including the leak test, should be strictly followed to reduce cross contamination.
Centers for Disease Control. Bronchoscopy-related infections and pseudoinfections—New York, 1996 and 1998. MMWR 1999; 48:557-560 PubMed Abstract
A review of cluster cases involving Mycobacteriium tuberculosis, M intracellulare, and imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchoscopy.
Safety of Bronchoscopy in Specific Patient Populations
Bajwa MK, Henein S, Kamholz SL. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the presence of space–occupying intracranial lesions. Chest. 1993;104(1):101–103 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective review of 29 patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy with CT evidence of increased ICP on head CT. None of the patients experienced any neurological complications.
Peerless JR, Snow N, Likavec MJ, et al. The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe head injury. Chest. 1995;108(4):962–965 PubMed Abstract
A prospective study measuring ICP in patients with severe head injury undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. The study showed that bronchoscopy causes an increase in ICP with returns to basal levels after the procedure. There were no clinical consequences of the increased ICP.
Wahidi MM, Rocha AT, Hollingsworth JW, et al. Contraindications and safety of transbronchial lung biopsy via flexible bronchoscopy: A survey of pulmonologists and review of the literature. Respiration. 2005;72(3):285–295 PubMed Abstract
A survey of current practice among pulmonologists with regard to performing transbronchial lung biopsy in patients with high risk conditions, such as renal failure, pulmonary hypertension, SVC syndrome, and lung abscess.
Stolz D, Pollak V, Chhajed PN, et al. A randomized, placebo–controlled trial of bronchodilators for bronchoscopy in patients with COPD. Chest. 2007;131(3):765–772 PubMed Abstract
A randomized controlled trial using short–term bronchodilators vs placebo in patients with COPD undergoing bronchoscopy. The study found no benefits of using bronchodilators in terms of hemodynamic effect or change in pulmonary function tests.
Shrader DL, Lakshminarayan S. The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cardiac rhythm. Chest. 1978;73(6):821–824 PubMed Abstract
Cardiac rhythm was monitored in 70 patients prior to, during, and following fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures. Minor abnormalities in rhythm were frequent. Major cardiac arrythmias occurred in 11% of the patients during the bronchoscopic procedure. All arrhythmias were self–limited and had no hemodynamic consequence. Patients with evidence of coronary arterial disease, COPD, or previously known premature ventricular contractions were at no higher risk for developing major arrhythmias. Hypoxemia (arterial oxygen pressure less than 60 mm Hg) at the end of the procedure correlated significantly with the development of new major arrhythmias.
Dweik RA, Mehta AC, Meeker DP, et al. Analysis of the safety of bronchoscopy after recent acute myocardial infarction. Chest 1996; 110:825-828
A retrospective chart review of 20 patients from 1986 to 1994 who underwent bronchoscopy while hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. The authors concluded that flexible bronchoscopy is safe in the immediate post-acute myocardial infarction period, as long as the patient does not have active ischemia at the actual time of the procedure.
Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Aquino SL, et al. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in coronary care unit patients: indications, safety, and clinical implications. Chest 1998; 114:1660-1667
Bronchoscopy may be diagnostically safe and useful in evaluating pulmonary abnormalities in select patients with acute cardiac disease; however, its role must be further studied. In this report, a positive bronchoscopic culture was associated with a higher mortality in the 40 patients studied.
D’Aloi A, Faggiano P, Fiorina C, et al. Cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation as a complication occurring during rigid bronchoscopic laser therapy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2003; 59:88-90 PubMed Abstract
A case description of a 31-year-old female with cicatricial stenosis of the left main stem bronchus from prior M tuberculosis who developed an episode of prolonged cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.
Matot I, Drenger B, Glantz L, et al. Coronary spasm during outpatient fiberoptic laser bronchoscopy. Chest 1999; 115:1744-1746
A case report of a 63-year-old female with metastatic breast carcinoma undergoing laser resection of an endobronchial mass. There was no evidence of significant hypoxemia during the procedure. Coronary vasospasm was observed upon coronary angiography.
Peikert T, Rana S, Edell ES. Safety, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications of flexible bronchoscopy in patients with febrile neutropenia and pulmonary infiltrates. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:1414-1420 PubMed Abstract
A favorable safety record, good diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications support the routine use of BAL for the neutropenic patient with pulmonary infiltrates. This is a retrospective review of 35 patients in this patient demographic. The results from BAL and/or transbronchial biopsy resulted in a management change in 51% of these patients.
Antonelli M, Conti G, Riccioni L, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation via face mask during bronchoscopy with BAL in high-risk hypoxemic patients. Chest 1996; 110:724-728
Eight patients enrolled in this study with the aim to assess feasibility and safety of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation via a face mask to aid in bronchoscopy with BAL in immunosuppressed patients with significant gas exchange abnormalities. NPPV was found to significantly improve gas exchange and bronchoscopy could be carried out. A causative pathogen was identified by BAL in all patients and resulted in specific treatment. Use of NPPV can be considered during bronchoscopy of immunocompromised patients with hypoxemia.
Hattotuwa K, Gamble E, O’Shaughnessy T, et al. Safety of bronchoscopy, biopsy, and BAL in research patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 122:1909-1912
Fifty-seven patients were studied with mild, moderate, and severe COPD. There was a reported incidence of 2% adverse events requiring hospital treatment; the patients with moderate and severe disease were at higher risk. Severe bronchospasm and pneumothorax were some of the adverse events reported. There were no deaths. Minor hemoptysis at 3.1% requiring no intervention was reported. Overall bronchoscopy with biopsy and BAL was concluded to be safe for all degrees of COPD, as long as safety guidelines were followed during the procedure.
Chetta A, Foresi A, Bertorelli G, et al. Lung function and bronchial responsiveness after bronchioalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy performed without premedication in stable asthmatic subjects. Chest 1992; 101:1563-1568
Thirteen mild and stable asthmatic patients were studied with assessments of PEFR before, and immediately after, bronchoscopic BAL and bronchial biopsy. The authors concluded that these procedures could be performed safely following administration of only local anesthesia.
Djukanovic R, Wilson JW, Lai CK, et al. The safety aspects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and endobronchial biopsy in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:772-777 PubMed Abstract
Physiologic effects of bronchoscopy with BAL and endobronchial biopsy performed under local anesthetic were studied in 20 subjects with asthma and 8 healthy nonatopic control subjects. The degree of measurable bronchospasm in a preprocedure methacholine challenge appeared to predict patients who have responsive airways. It was concluded that the asthmatic patients had a larger degree of desaturation during biopsy, and that, while bronchoscopy seemed to be safely performed in these patients, those with a larger degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness as measured by PC20 were at higher risk of complications.
Humbert M, Robinson DS, Assoufi B, et al. Safety of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in asthmatic and control subjects and effect on asthma control over two weeks. Thorax 1996; 51:664-669 PunMed Abstract
A study population of both asthmatic and control subjects was assessed with PEFR before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after bronchoscopy. After bronchial biopsies, there was no difference between the median maximal fall in PEFR or arterial oxygen saturation between asthmatic patients and the control group. The authors found bronchoscopy to be well tolerated in asthmatic subjects. They suggest that the fall in PEFR in asthmatics and control subjects is secondary to sedation rather than bronchospasm.
Bahhady I, Ernst A. Risks of and recommendations for flexible bronchoscopy in pregnancy: a review. Chest 2004; 126:1974-1981
A review of potential risks specific to the pregnant patient.
Weiss SM, Hert RC, Gianola FJ, et al. Complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in thrombocytopenic patients. Chest 1993; 104:1025-1028
A prospective study of 47 bone marrow transplant patients undergoing BAL with varying levels of thrombocytopenia. BAL was diagnostic in 47 % of patients. There was an incidence of complications of 12% in the patients with thrombocytopenia—four patients were reported specifically to have hemoptysis and/or epistaxis, and all complications but one were minor and self-limiting.
Hertz MI, Woodward ME, Gross CR, et al. Safety of bronchoalveolar lavage in the critically ill, mechanically ventilated patient. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:1526-1532 PubMed Abstract
A retrospective case series of 99 critically ill patients who underwent bronchoscopy with BAL. No procedure required termination due to complications. BAL was well tolerated when risk factors such as hypoxemia or coagulopathy were addressed and treated before the procedure. The researchers noted that the degree of transient hypoxemia could not be predicted prior to the procedure.
Shetty PG, Fatterpekar GM, Manohar S, et al. Fatal cerebral air embolism as a complication of transbronchoscopic lung biopsy: a case report. Australas Radiol 2001; 45:215-217 PubMed Abstract
A single case report of a rare complication seen in bronchoscopy.
Harar RP, Pratap R, Chadha N, et al. Bilateral tension pneumothorax following rigid bronchoscopy. J Laryngol Otol 2005; 119:400-402 PubMed Abstract
A case report of the complication of tension pneumothorax during airway manipulation.
Overview of Interventional Pulmonology
Amdo T, Godoy MC, Ost D, et al. Imaging–bronchoscopic correlations for interventional pulmonology. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009;47(2):27–287 PubMed Abstract
A review of imaging as it relates to advanced diagnostic bronchoscopic modalities and interventional bronchoscopic procedures.
Kennedy MP, Jimenez CA, Morice RC, et al. Ultrasound-guided endobronchial, endoscopic, and transthoracic biopsy. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29(4):453–464 PubMed Abstract
A review of endobronchial and transthoracic ultrasound–guided biopsies.
Folch E, Mehta AC. Airway interventions in the tracheobronchial tree. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29(4):441–452 PubMed Abstract
A review of various interventional pulmonary procedures.
Yoneda KY, Mathur PN, Gasparini S. The evolving role of interventional pulmonary in the interdisciplinary approach to the staging and management of lung cancer. Part III: Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions. Clin Lung Cancer. 2007;8(9):535–547 PubMed Abstract
A review of diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions.
Haas AR, Sterman DH, Musani AI. Malignant pleural effusions: management options with consideration of coding, billing, and a decision approach. Chest. 2007;132(3):1036–1041 PubMed Abstract
A general review of management of malignant pleural effusions.
Sohrab S, Mathur PN. Management of central airway obstruction. Clin Lung Cancer. 2007;8(5):305–312 PubMed Abstract
A review of various modalities to alleviate central airway obstruction.
Wahidi MM, Herth FJ, Ernst A. State of the art: interventional pulmonology. Chest. 2007;131(1):261–274 PubMed Abstract
An overview of interventional pulmonology.
Bolliger CT, Sutedja TG, Strausz J, et al. Therapeutic bronchoscopy with immediate effect: laser, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation and stents. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(6):1258–1271 PubMed Abstract
A review of heat thermal therapy techniques and stenting.
Comment In:
McGrath EE, Anderson PB. Therapeutic bronchoscopy with immediate effect revisited: “tissue is the issue.” Eur Respir J. 2007;29(6):1281
Janssen J, Noppen M. Interventional pulmonology. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(6):1084–1085
Beamis JF Jr. Interventional pulmonology techniques for treating malignant large airway obstruction: an update. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11(4):292–295 PubMed Abstract
A review of interventional pulmonary techniques for treating malignant airway obstruction.
Wahidi MM, Ernst A. Role of the interventional pulmonologist in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2005;20(3):141–146 PubMed Abstract
A review of interventional pulmonology with respect to patients in the ICU.
Unger M. Endobronchial therapy of neoplasms. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2003;13(1):129–147 PubMed Abstract
A review of bronchoscopic techniques for management of malignant airway obstruction.
Duhamel DR, Harrell JH II. Laser bronchoscopy. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(4):769–789 PubMed Abstract
An overview of laser bronchoscopy.
Mehrishi S, Raoof S, Mehta AC. Therapeutic flexible bronchoscopy. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(4):657–690 PubMed Abstract
An overview of therapeutic bronchoscopy using the flexible bronchoscope.
Ernst A, Majid A, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Airway stabilization with silicone stents for treating adult tracheobronchomalacia: a prospective observational study. Chest. 2007;132(2):609–616 PubMed Abstract
Comment In:Chest. 2008;133(3):830–831
Makris D, Marquette CH. Tracheobronchial stenting and central airway replacement. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13(4):278–283 PubMed Abstract
Lindenmann J, Porubsky C, Matzi V, et al. Inherent problems of tracheo-bronchial stenting in patients with tracheostomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(5):1897–1898 PubMed Abstract
Saad CP, Murthy S, Krizmanich G, et al. Self–expandable metallic airway stents and flexible bronchoscopy: long–term outcomes analysis. Chest. 2003;124(5):1993–1999 PubMed Abstract
Wood DE. Airway stenting. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(4):841–860 PubMed Abstract
Rafanan AL, Mehta AC. Stenting of the tracheobronchial tree. Radiol Clin North Am. 2000;38(2):395–408 PubMed Abstract
Choudhary C, Gildea TR, Salman R, et al. Management of tracheomediastinal fistula using self–expanding metallic stents. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(5):1800–1802 PubMed Abstract
Antón–Pacheco JL, Cabezalí D, Tejedor R, et al. The role of airway stenting in pediatric tracheobronchial obstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33(6):1069–11075 PubMed Abstract
Madden BP, Loke TK, Sheth AC. Do expandable metallic airway stents have a role in the management of patients with benign tracheobronchial disease? Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(1):274–278 PubMed Abstract
Matsuda N, Matsumoto S, Nishimura T, et al. Perioperative management for placement of tracheobronchial stents. J Anesth. 2006;20(2):113–117 PubMed Abstract
Abbas O, Fares M, Jamaleddine G, et al. Endobronchial stenting for respiratory complications in relapsing polychondritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(2):271–273 PubMed Abstract
Ryu YJ, Kim H, Yu CM, et al. Comparison of natural and Dumon airway stents for the management of benign tracheobronchial stenoses. Respirology. 2006;11(6):748–754 PubMed Abstract
Madden BP, Sheth A. An approach to tracheostomy in a patient with an expandable metallic tracheal stent. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119(9):731–732 PubMed Abstract
Lemaire A, Burfeind WR, Toloza E, et al. Outcomes of tracheobronchial stents in patients with malignant airway disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80(2):434–437; discussion 437–438 PubMed Abstract
Allison R, Sibata C, Sarma K, et al. High–dose–rate brachytherapy in combination with stenting offers a rapid and statistically significant improvement in quality of life for patients with endobronchial recurrence. Cancer J. 2004;10(6):368–373 PubMed Abstract
Dutau H, Toutblanc B, Lamb C, et al. Use of the Dumon Y–stent in the management of malignant disease involving the carina: a retrospective review of 86 patients. Chest. 2004;126(3):951–958 PubMed Abstract
Chhajed PN, Malouf MA, Tamm M, et al. Ultraflex stents for the management of airway complications in lung transplant recipients. Respirology. 2003;8(1):59–64 PubMed Abstract
Jones LM, Mair EA, Fitzpatrick TM, et al. Multidisciplinary airway stent team: a comprehensive approach and protocol for tracheobronchial stent treatment. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109(10 Pt 1):889–898 PubMed Abstract
Hautmann H, Bauer M, Pfeifer KJ, et al. Flexible bronchoscopy: a safe method for metal stent implantation in bronchial disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(2):398–401 PubMed Abstract
Lee KS, Lunn W, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Multislice CT evaluation of airway stents. J Thorac Imaging. 2005;20(2):81–88 PubMed Abstract
Burningham AR, Wax MK, Andersen PE, et al. Metallic tracheal stents: complications associated with long–term use in the upper airway. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111(4):285–290 PubMed Abstract
Wan IY, Lee TW, Lam HC, et al. Tracheobronchial stenting for tuberculous airway stenosis. Chest. 2002;122(1):370–374 PubMed Abstract
Noppen M, Stratakos G, D’Haese J, et al. Removal of covered self–expandable metallic airway stents in benign disorders: indications, technique, and outcomes. Chest. 2005;127(2):482–487 PubMed Abstract
Lunn W, Feller-Kopman D, Wahidi M, et al. Endoscopic removal of metallic airway stents. Chest. 2005;127(6):2106–2112 PubMed Abstract
Colt HG, Harrell JH. Therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy allows level of care changes in patients with acute respiratory failure from central airways obstruction. Chest. 1997;112(1):202–206 PubMed Abstract
Dalupang JJ, Shanks TG, Colt HG. Nd–YAG laser damage to metal and silicone endobronchial stents: delineation of margins of safety using an in vitro experimental model. Chest. 2001;120(3):934–940 PubMed Abstract
Matsuo T, Colt HG. Evidence against routine scheduling of surveillance bronchoscopy after stent insertion. Chest. 2000;118(5):1455–1459 PubMed Abstract
Comment in:Chest. 2001;120(2):686–687
Electrocautery and Argon Plasma Coagulation and Cryotherapy
Sheski FD, Mathur PN. Endobronchial electrosurgery: argon plasma coagulation and electrocautery. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;25(4):367–374 PubMed Abstract
An excellent overview of endobronchial electrosurgery.
Sutedja G, Bolliger CT. Endobronchial electrocautery and argon plasma coagulation. In: Interventional Bronchoscopy. Prog Respir Res. Basel: Karger; 2000:120–132
PubMed Abstract not available, as this is a book chapter.
Maiwand MO, Asimakopoulos G. Cryosurgery for lung cancer: clinical results and technical aspects. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004;3(2):143–150 PubMed Abstract
A very large case series of endobronchial cryosurgery and description of technique.
Asimakopoulos G, Beeson J, Evans J, et al. Cryosurgery for malignant endobronchial tumors: analysis of outcome. Chest. 2005;127(6):2007–2014 PubMed Abstract
Colt HG, Crawford SW. In vitro study of the safety limits of bronchoscopic argon plasma coagulation in the presence of airway stents. Respirology. 2006;11(5):643–647 PubMed Abstract
Defines safety parameters for using APC near metallic and silicone airways stents.
Reddy C, Majid A, Michaud G, et al. Gas embolism following bronchoscopic argon plasma coagulation: a case series. Chest. 2008;134(5):1066–1069 PubMed Abstract
Review of a more recently described complication of APC.
Mayo PH, Beaulieu Y, Doelken P, et al. American College of Chest Physicians/La Société de Réanimation de Langue Française statement on competence in critical care ultrasonography. Chest. 2009;135(4):1050–1060 PubMed Abstract
A joint consensus statement by the ACCP and SRLF regarding competency in critical care ultrasonography.
Feller-Kopman D. Ultrasound–guided internal jugular access: a proposed standardized approach and implications for training and practice. Chest. 2007;132(1):302–309 PubMed Abstract
A review of the use of ultrasound for placing interal jugular central venous catheters, as well as implications for training.
Aldrich JE. Basic physics of ultrasound imaging. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(5 Suppl):S131–7 PubMed Abstract
A nice review of the physics and principles of ultrasound imaging.
Feller-Kopman D. Ultrasound–guided thoracentesis. Chest. 2006;129(6):1709–1714 PubMed Abstract
A review of the use of ultrasound for thoracentesis.
Lichtenstein DA, Mezière G, Lascols N, et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of occult pneumothorax. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(6):1231–1238 PubMed Abstract
This study describes the “lung point” sign for ruling in a pneumothorax.
Beaulieu Y, Marik PE. Bedside ultrasonography in the ICU: part 1. Chest. 2005;128(2):881–895 PubMed Abstract
A two-part manuscript reviewing the utility of ultrasonography in the ICU.
Beaulieu Y, Marik PE. Bedside ultrasonography in the ICU: part 2. Chest. 2005;128(3):1766–1781 PubMed Abstract
A two-part manuscript reviewing the utility of ultrasonography in the ICU.
Mayo PH, Goltz HR, Tafreshi M, et al. Safety of ultrasound–guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2004;125(3):1059–1062 PubMed Abstract
Dr. Mayo shows that a self–trained, non-radiologist sonographer can guide housestaff for thoracentesis in mechanically ventilated patients with a pheumothorax rate of 1.2%.
Tu CY, Hsu WH, Hsia TC, et al. Pleural effusions in febrile medical ICU patients: chest ultrasound study. Chest. 2004;126(4):1274–1280 PubMed Abstract
This study shows that the incidence of empyema in febrile ICU patients is up to 14%, and describes the sonographic characteristics of the effusions that warrant evaluation.
Diacon AH, Brutsche MH, Solèr M. Accuracy of pleural puncture sites: a prospective comparison of clinical examination with ultrasound. Chest. 2003;123(2):436–441 PubMed Abstract
An excellent manuscript suggesting that the use of ultrasound decreases near–misses and improves yield during thoracentesis.
AHRQ issues critical analysis of patient safety practices. Qual Lett Healthc Lead. 2001;13(8):8–12 PubMed Abstract
A landmark paper suggesting that the use of ultrasound for internal jugular central line placement is one of the top 11 things we can do to improve patient safety.
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P, et al. The comet–tail artifact: an ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(4):383–388 PubMed Abstract
This study shows that the presence of B–lines (aka comeet–tail artifacts) has a 100% negative predictive value for pneumothorax at the point of probe contact.
Pleural Catheters for Management of Pleural Effusions
Murthy SC. Air leak and pleural space management. Thorac Surg Clin. 2006;16(3):261–265 PubMed Abstract
Murthy SC, Okereke I, Mason DP, et al. A simple solution for complicated pleural effusions. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1(7):697–700 PubMed Abstract
Pien GW, Gant M, Washam C, et al. Implantable pleural catheter for “trapped lung” syndrome in patients with malignant pleural effusions. Chest 2001; 119:1641-1646
Indications for symptom relief in the patient with trapped lung and recurrent pleural effusions.
Ohm C, Park D, Vogen M, et al. Use of an indwelling pleural catheter compared with thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis in the management of malignant pleural effusions. Am Surg 2003; 69:198-202 PubMed Abstract
A prospective observational study comparing the two arms of treatment.
Duncan DR, Morgenthaler TI, Ryu JH, et al. Reducing iatrogenic risk in thoracentesis: establishing best practice via experiential training in a zero–risk environment. Chest. 2009;135(5):1315–1320 PubMed Abstract
An excellent article suggesting practice–based changes to reduce the incidence of pheumothorax following thoracentesis.
Feller-Kopman D, Parker MJ, Schwartzstein RM. Assessment of pleural pressure in the evaluation of pleural effusions. Chest. 2009;135(1):201–209 PubMed Abstract
A review of the utility of pleural manometry in the evaluation of pleural effusions with online animation.
Labidi M, Baillot R, Dionne B, et al. Pleural effusions following cardiac surgery: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical features. Chest. 2009;136(6):1604–1611 PubMed Abstract
A review of the incidence and pleural fluid characteristics in patients undergoing bypass or valve procedures.
Cameron R, Davies HR. Intra–pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus conservative management in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;16(2):CD002312 PubMed Abstract
The Cochrane systematic review of management options for parapneumonic effusion and empyema.
Heffner JE. Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions. Respirology. 2008;13(1):5–20 PubMed Abstract
A concise review of the management of malignant pleural effusions.
Warren WH, Kim AW, Liptay MJ. Identification of clinical factors predicting PleurX catheter removal in patients treated for malignant pleural effusion. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33(1):89–94 PubMed Abstract
Analysis of 295 PleurX catheters placed in 263 patients, reviewing factors associated with the incidence of prolonged drainage and the ability to remove the catheter.
Lee P, Colt HG. State of the art: pleuroscopy. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7):663–670 PubMed Abstract
A concise review of pleuroscopy (aka medical thoracoscopy).
Sahn SA Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(11):1480–1486 PubMed Abstract
A concise review of the evaluation and managemenet of patients with parapneumonic effusion and empyema.
Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Efficacy of video–assisted thoracoscopic surgery with talc pleurodesis for porous diaphragm syndrome in patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(2):457–459 PubMed Abstract
The largest study investigating the utility of talc pleurodesis in patients wth hepatic hydrothorax.
Doelken P, Abreu R, Sahn SA, et al. Effect of thoracentesis on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange in the patient receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2006;130(5):1354–1361 PubMed Abstract
The physiologic results of draining pleural effusions in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
Feller-Kopman D, Walkey A, Berkowitz D, et al. The relationship of pleural pressure to symptom development during therapeutic thoracentesis. Chest. 2006;129(6):1556–1560 PubMed Abstract
A study showing the correlation of dropping pleural pressures to the development of the symptom of chest discomfort.
Tremblay A, Michaud G. Single–center experience with 250 tunnelled pleural catheter insertions for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2006;129(2):362–368 PubMed Abstract
A review of 250 PleurX catheters placed in 223 patients with malignant pleural effusions.
Dresler CM, Olak J, Herndon JE 2nd, et al. Phase III intergroup study of talc poudrage vs talc slurry sclerosis for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2005;127(3):909–915 PubMed Abstract
A large randomized trial comparing talc poudrage vs slurry for the management of malignant pleural effusions.
Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(9):865–874 PubMed Abstract
The largest trial investigating the utility of streptokinase for the management of pleural infection.
Erratum in N Engl J Med. 2005;352(20):2146
Comment in:
Rosa UW. A trial of intrapleural streptokinase. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2243–2245; author reply 2243–2245
Keenan SP. Streptokinase did not reduce mortality or need for surgical drainage in pleural infection. ACP J Club. 2005;143(2):40
Bouros D. A trial of intrapleural streptokinase. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2243–2245; author reply 2243–2245
Heffner JE. Multicenter trials of treatment for empyema: after all these years. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(9):926–928
Diacon AH, Koegelenberg CF, Bolliger CT. A trial of intrapleural streptokinase. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2243–2245; author reply 2243–2245
Katikireddy CK, Dube DS. A trial of intrapleural streptokinase. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2243–2245; author reply 2243–2245
Diacon AH, Theron J, Schuurmans MM, et al. Intrapleural streptokinase for empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(1):49–53 PubMed Abstract
Another well performed trial investigating the utlitiy of streptokinase for the management of pleural infection.
Doelken P, Huggins JT, Pastis NJ, et al. Pleural manometry: technique and clinical implications. Chest. 200;126(6):1764–1769 PubMed Abstract
An excellent review of pleural manometry.
Antunes G, Neville E, Duffy J, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of malignant pleural effusions. Thorax. 2003;58(suppl 2):ii29–1138 PubMed Abstract
The BTS guidelines for the management of malignant pleural effusions.
Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax. 2003;58(suppl 2):ii39–1152 PubMed Abstract
BTS guidelines for the management of pneumothorax.
Comment in:
Chan SS. Estimation of size of pneumothorax under the new BTS guidelines. Thorax. 2004;59(4):356; author reply 356–357
Roberts K, Steyn R, Bleetman A. New technique for treating spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax. 2004;59(4):355–356
Ng CS, Wan S, Yim AP. Paradigm shift in surgical approaches to spontaneous pneumothorax: VATS. Thorax. 2004;59(4):357; author reply 357
Kalomenidis I, Rodriguez M, Barnette R, et al. Patient with bilateral pleural effusion: are the findings the same in each fluid? Chest. 2003;124(1):167–176 PubMed Abstract
A nice study showing that it is uncommon to have bilateral effusions of different etiologies.
Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest. 2001;119(2):590–602 PubMed Abstract
The ACCP statement on the management of spontaneous pneumothorax.
Colice GL, Curtis A, Deslauriers J, et al. Medical and surgical treatment of parapneumonic effusions: an evidence–based guideline. Chest. 2000;118(4):1158–1171 PubMed Abstract
The ACCP statement on the treatment of pleural infection.
Estenne M, Yernault JC, De Troyer A. Mechanism of relief of dyspnea after thoracocentesis in patients with large pleural effusions. Am J Med. 1983;74(5):813–819 PubMed Abstract
A nice study showing the relief of dyspnea is due to alterations in chest wall compliance.
Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, et al. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med. 1972;77(4):507–513 PubMed Abstract
The classic paper describing Light’s criteria.
Comments in:
Cragun WH. Pleural effusion prediction failures. Chest. 2002;122(5):1505–1506
Tschopp JM, Rami-Porta R, Noppen M, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: state of the art. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(3):637–650 PubMed Abstract
Lee P, Colt HG. Rigid and semirigid pleuroscopy: the future is bright. Respirology 2005; 10:418-425 PubMed Abstract
A review of pleuroscopy using rigid and semirigid instrument techniques.
Rodriguez-Panadero F, Janssen JP, Astoul P. Thoracoscopy: general overview and place in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusion. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:409-422 PubMed Abstract
A review of the use of thoracoscopy in the management of malignant pleural effusions.
Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy
Cobean R, Beals M, Moss C, et al. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a safe, cost–effective bedside procedure. Arch Surg. 1996;131(3):265–271 PubMed Abstract
Polderman KH, Spijkstra JJ, de Bree R, et al. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the ICU: optimal organization, low complication rates, and description of a new complication. Chest. 2003;123(5):1595–1602 PubMed Abstract
Al-Ansari MA, Hijazi MH. Clinical review: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Crit Care. 2006;10(1):202 PubMed Abstract
Paran H, Butnaru G, Hass I, et al. Evaluation of a modified percutaneous tracheostomy technique without bronchoscopic guidance. Chest. 2004;126(3):868–871 PubMed Abstract
Raghuraman G, Rajan S, Marzouk JK, et al. Is tracheal stenosis caused by percutaneous tracheostomy different from that by surgical tracheostomy? Chest. 2005;127(3):879–885 PubMed Abstract
Antonelli M, Michetti V, Di Palma A, et al. Percutaneous translaryngeal versus surgical tracheostomy: a randomized trial with 1–yr double–blind follow–up. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(5):1015–1020 PubMed Abstract
Freeman BD, Isabella K, Lin N, et al. A meta–analysis of prospective trials comparing percutaneous and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Chest. 2000;118(5):1412–1418 PubMed Abstract
Comment in:
Heffner JE. Percutaneous dilatational vs standard tracheotomy: a meta–analysis but not the final analysis. Chest. 2000;118(5):1236–1238
Anderson JD, Rabinovici R, Frankel HL. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy vs open tracheostomy. Chest. 2001;120(4):1423–1424
Grover A, Robbins J, Bendick P, et al. Open versus percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: efficacy and cost analysis. Am Surg. 2001;67(4):297–301; discussion 301–302 PubMed Abstract
Bacchetta MD, Girardi LN, Southard EJ, et al. Comparison of open versus bedside percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the cardiothoracic surgical patient: outcomes and financial analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):1879–1885 PubMed Abstract
Johnson JL, Cheatham ML, Sagraves SG, et al. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy: a comparison of single– versus multiple–dilator techniques. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(6):1251–1254 PubMed Abstract
Silvester W, Goldsmith D, Uchino S, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy: a randomized controlled study with long–term follow–up. Crit Care Med. 200;34(8):2145–2152 PubMed Abstract
Comment in:
Schultz MJ, Veelo DP, Dongelmans DA. Percutaneous tracheostomies are preferable to surgical tracheostomies. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):676–677; author reply 677
Gullo A, Sorbello M, Frova G. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy: an unfinished symphony. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):682–683
Li TS, Lee A, Joynt GM. Importance of realistic sample size calculations and why the next randomized trial needs to be large and multicentered. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):675–676
Friedman Y. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy: the continuing saga. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(8):2250–2251
Angel LF, Simpson CB. Comparison of surgical and percutaneous dilational tracheostomy. Clin Chest Med. 2003;24(3):423–429 PubMed Abstract
Delaney A, Bagshaw SM, Nalos M. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy versus surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta–analysis. Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R55 PubMed Abstract
Higgins KM, Punthakee X. Meta-analysis comparison of open versus percutaneous tracheostomy. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(3):447–454 PubMed Abstract
Goettler CE, Fugo JR, Bard MR, et al. Predicting the need for early tracheostomy: a multifactorial analysis of 992 intubated trauma patients. J Trauma. 2006;60(5):991–996 PubMed Abstract
Rumbak MJ, Newton M, Truncale T, et al. A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(8):1689–1694 PubMed Abstract
Erratum in Crit Care Med. 2004;32(12):2566
Comment in:
Ahrens T, Kollef MH. Early tracheostomy: Has its time arrived? Crit Care Med. 2004;32(8):1796–1797
Leone M. Endpoint: quality of life. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(1):267–268; author reply 268
Perren A. Further clarification? Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):466–467
Lee JC, Fink MP. Early percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy leads to improved outcomes in critically ill medical patients as compared to delayed tracheostomy. Crit Care. 2005;9(4):E12
Hofstra LS, Tulleken JE, Zwaveling JH. To appreciate fully the indications and timing of tracheotomies. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):467; author reply 467–468
Dongelmans DA, Schultz MJ. Early or late tracheostomy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):466
Möller MG, Slaikeu JD, Bonelli P, et al. Early tracheostomy versus late tracheostomy in the surgical intensive care unit. Am J Surg. 2005;189(3):293–296 PubMed Abstract
Blot F, Melot C. Commission d'Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique: Indications, timing, and techniques of tracheostomy in 152 French ICUs. Chest. 2005;127(4):1347–1352 PubMed Abstract
Comment in:
Chinsky KD. Varying approaches to tracheostomy: “vive la difference.” Chest. 2005;127(4):1083–1085
Durbin CG Jr. Indications for and timing of tracheostomy. Respir Care. 2005;50(4):483–487 PubMed Abstract
Shirawi N, Arabi Y. Bench–to–bedside review: early tracheostomy in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care. 2006;10(1):201 PubMed Abstract
Maziak DE, Meade MO, Todd TR. The timing of tracheotomy: a systematic review. Chest. 1998;114(2):605–609 PubMed Abstract
Hsu CL, Chen KY, Chang CH, et al. Timing of tracheostomy as a determinant of weaning success in critically ill patients: a retrospective study. Crit Care. 2005;9(1):R46–52 PubMed Abstract
Arabi Y, Haddad S, Shirawi N, et al. Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patients improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care. 2004;8(5):R347–352 PubMed Abstract
Crofts SL, Alzeer A, McGuire GP, et al. A comparison of percutaneous and operative tracheostomies in intensive care patients. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42(9):775–779 PubMed Abstract
Chintamani, Khanna J, Singh JP, et al. Early tracheostomy in closed head injuries: experience at a tertiary center in a developing country: a prospective study. BMC Emerg Med. 2005;5:8 PubMed Abstract
Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D; American College of Chest Physicians. Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest. 2003;123(5):1693–1717 PubMed Abstract
Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, et al. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(2):356–373 PubMed Abstract
Durbin CG Jr. Techniques for performing tracheostomy. Respir Care. 2005;50(4):488–496 PubMed Abstract
Brambrink A. Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy: Which technique is the best for the critically ill patient, and how can we gather further scientific evidence? Crit Care. 2004;8(5):319–321 PubMed Abstract
Groves DS, Durbin CG Jr. Tracheostomy in the critically ill: indications, timing and techniques. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(1):90–97 PubMed Abstract
deBoisblanc BP. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy techniques. Clin Chest Med. 2003;24(3):399–407 PubMed Abstract
Pandit RA, Jacques TC. Audit of over 500 percutaneous dilational tracheostomies. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(2):146–150 PubMed Abstract
Walz MK, Peitgen K, Thürauf N, et al. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: early results and long–term outcome of 326 critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(7):685–690 PubMed Abstract
Kearney PA, Griffen MM, Ochoa JB, et al. A single–center 8–year experience with percutaneous dilational tracheostomy. Ann Surg. 2000;231(5):701–709 PubMed Abstract
Beiderlinden M, Karl Walz M, Sander A, et al. Complications of bronchoscopically guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy: beyond the learning curve. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(1):59–62 PubMed Abstract
Ayoub OM, Griffiths MV. Aortic arch laceration: a lethal complication after percutaneous tracheostomy. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(1):176–178 PubMed Abstract
Shlugman D, Satya–Krishna R, Loh L. Acute fatal haemorrhage during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(4):517–520 PubMed Abstract
Browd SR, MacDonald JD. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in neurosurgical patients. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2(3):268–273 PubMed Abstract
Gravvanis AI, Tsoutsos DA, Iconomou TG, et al. Percutaneous versus conventional tracheostomy in burned patients with inhalation injury. World J Surg. 2005;29(12):1571–1575 PubMed Abstract
Hübner N, Rees W, Seufert K, et al. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy done early after cardiac surgery: outcome and incidence of mediastinitis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;46(2):89–92 PubMed Abstract
Sustić A, Krstulović B, Eskinja N, et al. Surgical tracheostomy versus percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in patients with anterior cervical spine fixation: preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(17):1942–1945; discussion 1945 PubMed Abstract
Auzinger G, O’Callaghan GP, Bernal W, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with severe liver disease and a high incidence of refractory coagulopathy: a prospective trial. Crit Care. 2007;11(5):R110 PubMed Abstract
Stamenkovic SA, Morgan IS, Pontefract DR, et al. Is early tracheostomy safe in cardiac patients with median sternotomy incisions? Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4):1152–1154 PubMed Abstract
Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Staging
Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Tanoue LT. The new lung cancer staging system. Chest. 2009;136(1):260–271 PubMed Abstract
A review of the recommendations for the 2009 revisions of lung cancer staging.
Herth FJ, Ernst A, Eberhardt R. Restaging of the mediastinum. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(4):308–312 PubMed Abstract
An overview of techniques to restage patients with N2 disease after completing neoadjuvant therapy.
Varela–Lema L, Fernández–Villar A, Ruano–Ravina A. Effectiveness and safety of endobronchial ultrasound–transbronchial needle aspiration: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(5):1156–1164 PubMed Abstract
A review of EBUS in diagnosis and staging of intrathoracic malignancies.
Medford AR, Bennett JA, Free CM, et al. Mediastinal staging procedures in lung cancer: EBUS, TBNA and mediastinoscopy. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(4):334–342 PubMed Abstract
A review of EBUS, TBNA, and mediastinoscopy in lung cancer staging.
Gomez M, Silvestri GA. Endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(2):180–186 PubMed Abstract
A review of EBUS in diagnosing and staging lung cancer.
Rami–Porta R, Crowley JJ, Goldstraw P. The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;15(1):4–9 PubMed Abstract
Discusses proposed revisions to the lung cancer staging system.
Gu P, Zhao YZ, Jiang LY, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(8):1389–1396 PubMed Abstract
A meta-analysis of EBUS-TBNA lung cancer staging studies.
Schipper P, Schoolfield M. Minimally invasive staging of N2 disease: endobronchial ultrasound/transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound, mediastinoscopy, and thoracoscopy. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18(4):363–379 PubMed Abstract
A review of invasive techniques for mediastinal stanging.
Groth SS, Whitson BA, Maddaus MA. Radiographic staging of mediastinal lymph nodes in non–small cell lung cancer patients. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18(4):349–361 PubMed Abstract
A review of mediastinal radiographic staging.
Mac Manus M, Hicks RJ. The use of positron emission tomography (PET) in the staging/evaluation, treatment, and follow–up of patients with lung cancer: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(5):1298–1306 PubMed Abstract
A review of the utility of PET in staging patients with lung cancer.
Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Fujiwara T, et al. Role of endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the management of lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(6):268–276 PubMed Abstract
A review of EBUS-TBNA in the management of lung cancer.
Ikeda N, Hayashi A, Iwasaki K, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic bronchoscopy of central type early stage lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2007;56(3):295–302 PubMed Abstract
A review of bronchoscopic modalities to assess early stage endobronchial lung cancer.
Detterbeck FC. Integration of mediastinal staging techniques for lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19(3):217–224 PubMed Abstract
An outline of approaches to mediastinal staging for lung cancer.
Hansra IK, Ernst A. Bronchoscopic–directed diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions suspicious for cancer. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17(2):159–165 PubMed Abstract
A review of newer bronchoscopic modalities to increase diagnosis of peripheral lesions.
Micames CG, McCrory DC, Pavey DA, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine–needle aspiration for non–small cell lung cancer staging: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2007;131(2):539–548 PubMed Abstract
A review of the utility of EUS for lung cancer staging.
Holty JE, Kuschner WG, Gould MK. Accuracy of transbronchial needle aspiration for mediastinal staging of non–small cell lung cancer: a meta–analysis. Thorax. 2005;60(11):949–955 PubMed Abstract
A meta-analysis of TBNA mediastinal staging.
Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, et al. Asthma control during the year after bronchial thermoplasty. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1327-1337 PubMed Abstract
A study of the effect of bronchial thermoplasty on the control of moderate to severe persistent asthma.
Intrabronchial Valve Procedures
Ingenito EP, Wood DE, Utz JP. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in severe emphysema. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(4):454–460 PubMed Abstract
Strange C, Herth FJ, Kovitz KL, et al. Design of the endobronchial valve for emphysema palliation trial (VENT): a nonsurgical method of lung volume reduction. BMC Pulm Med. 2007;7:10 PubMed Abstract
Wood DE, McKenna RJ Jr, Yusen RD, et al. A multicenter trial of an intrabronchial valve for treatment of severe emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(1):65–73 PubMed Abstract
Hillier JE, Toma TP, Gillbe CE. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in patients with severe emphysema: anesthetic management. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(6):1610–1614 PubMed Abstract
McKenna RJ Jr. Endobronchial valves for the treatment of emphysema. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;20(4):285–289 PubMed Abstract
Choong CK, Macklem PT, Pierce JA, et al. Airway bypass improves the mechanical properties of explanted emphysematous lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(9):902–905 PubMed Abstract
Cardoso PF, Snell GI, Hopkins P, et al. Clinical application of airway bypass with paclitaxel–eluting stents: early results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134(4):974–981 PubMed Abstract
Interventional Procedures in Miscellaneous Pulmonary Diseases
Williamson JP, McLaughlin RA, Phillips MJ, et al. Using optical coherence tomography to improve diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy. Chest. 2009;136(1):272–276 PubMed Abstract
Lois M, Noppen M. Bronchopleural fistulas: an overview of the problem with special focus on endoscopic management. Chest 2005; 128:3955-3965
A review of bronchoscopic techniques for management of bronchopleural fistulas.
Gomez M, Silvestri GA. Endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(2):180–186 PubMed Abstract
Lee HS, Lee GK, Lee HS, et al. Real–time endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal staging of non–small cell lung cancer: how many aspirations per target lymph node station? Chest. 2008;134(2):368–374 PubMed Abstract
Herth FJ, Annema JT, Eberhardt R, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration for restaging the mediastinum in lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20):3346–3350 PubMed Abstract
Ernst A, Anantham D, Eberhardt R, et al. Diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathy–real–time endobronchial ultrasound guided needle aspiration versus mediastinoscopy. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3(6):577–582 PubMed Abstract
Herth FJ, Eberhardt R, Krasnik M, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically and positron emission tomography–normal mediastinum in patients with lung cancer. Chest. 2008;133(4):887–891 PubMed Abstract
Murgu S, Kurimoto N, Colt H. Endobronchial ultrasound morphology of expiratory central airway collapse. Respirology. 2008;13(2):315–319 PubMed Abstract
Sarkiss M, Kennedy M, Riedel B, et al. Anesthesia technique for endobronchial ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph node. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21(6):892–896 PubMed Abstract
Eberhardt R, Anantham D, Ernst A, et al. Multimodality bronchoscopic diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(1):36–41 PubMed Abstract
Herth FJ, Ernst A, Eberhardt R, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically normal mediastinum. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(5):910–914 PubMed Abstract
Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Motoori K, et al. Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and CT for lymph node staging of lung cancer. Chest. 2006;130(3):710–718 PubMed Abstract
Herth FJ, Eberhardt R, Becker HD, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial lung biopsy in fluoroscopically invisible solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective trial. Chest. 2006;129(1):147–150 PubMed Abstract
Yasufuku K, Chiyo M, Sekine Y, et al. Real–time endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Chest. 2004;126(1):122–128 PubMed Abstract
Herth F, Becker HD, Ernst A. Conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial. Chest. 2004;125(1):322–325 PubMed Abstract
Herth F, Ernst A, Schulz M, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound reliably differentiates between airway infiltration and compression by tumor. Chest. 2003;123(2):458–462 PubMed Abstract
