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Harm Reduction in a Persistent Smoker

By David J. Riley, MD, FCCP

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References

  1. Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, et al, eds. Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001
  2. Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Auquier A, et al. Changes in patterns of cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:601–604
  3. Lubin JH, Blot WJ, Berrino F, et al. Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 288:1953–1956
  4. Wald NJ, Watt HC. Prospective study of effect of switching from cigarettes to pipes or cigars on mortality from three smoking related diseases. BMJ 1997; 314:1860–1863
  5. Burns DM, Shanks TG, Choi W, et al. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study: 12-year follow-up of one million men and women. In: Changes in cigarette-related diseases risks and their implications for prevention and control. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 8. Washington, DC: National Cancer Institute, 1997; Publication No. 97-4213; 113–304
  6. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline in FEV1: the Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272:1497–1505
  7. Hughes J. Reduced smoking: an introduction and review of the evidence. Addiction 2000; 95(suppl 1):S3–S7
  8. Buist AS, Sexton GJ, Nagy JM, et al. The effect of smoking cessation and modification on lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114:115–122
  9. McCarthy DS, Craig DB, Cherniack RM. Effect of modification of the smoking habit on lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114:103–113
  10. Lange P, Groth S, Nyboe J, et al. Effects of smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of FEV1. Eur Respir J 1989; 2:811–816
  11. Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline series. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2000
  12. Rennard SI, Daughton D, Fujita J, et al. Short-term smoking reduction is associated with reduction in measures of lower respiratory tract inflammation in heavy smokers. Eur Respir J 1990; 3:752–759
  13. Fagerström KO, Tejding R, Westin A, et al. Aiding reduction of smoking with nicotine replacement medications: hope for the recalcitrant smoker? Tob Control 1997; 6:311–316
  14. Bolliger CT, Zellweger J-P, Danielsson T, et al. Smoking reduction with oral nicotine inhalers: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. BMJ 2000; 321:329–333
  15. Hays JT, Hurt RD, Rigotti NA, et al. Sustained-release bupropion for pharmacologic relapse prevention of smoking cessation. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:423–433
  16. Fagerström KO, Hughes JR, Rasmussen T, et al. Randomised trial investigating effect of a novel nicotine delivery device (Eclipse) and a nicotine oral inhaler on smoking behavior, nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure, and motivation to quit. Tob Control 2000; 9:327–333
  17. Labstat International Inc. Test report: Project Identifier GC7. September 6, 2000. Available at http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/eclipse. Accessed January 24, 2002
  18. Eclipse Expert Panel. A safer cigarette? A comparative study: a consensus report. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12(suppl 5):1–48
  19. Buchhalter AR, Eissenberg T. Preliminary evaluation of a novel smoking system: effects on subjective and physiological measurements and on smoking behavior. Nicotine Tob Res 2000; 2:39–43

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