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Practical Pearls from the GOLD Guidelines on COPD

By Juan Garcia, MD, FCCP; and Stephen Jenkinson, MD, FCCP

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Table 3—Causes of Exacerbations of COPD
  1. Infection (bacterial, viral, tuberculosis, fungi)
  2. Air pollution
  3. Pulmonary embolism
  4. Cardiac disorders
    A. Myocardial infarction
    B. Cardiac arrhythmia
    C. Congestive heart failure
  5. Pneumothorax
  6. Pleural effusion
  7. Esophageal reflux
  8. Reactive airways disease
  9. Noncompliance with medications

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